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The importance of astrocytes in behavior control is increasingly appreciated, but little is known about the effects of their dynamic activity in regulating learning and memory. In the present study, we constructed AAVs of photoactivatable and photoinactivatable Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) under the mGFAP promoter, which enabled the manipulation of Rac1 activity in astrocytes by optical stimulation in free-moving mice. We found that both up-regulation and down-regulation of astrocytic Rac1 activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) attenuated memory acquisition in a fear conditioning mouse model. Meanwhile, neuronal activation in the BLA induced by memory acquisition was inhibited under both the up- and down-regulation of astrocytic Rac1 activity during training. In terms of the impact on fear memory retrieval, we found both up- and down-regulation of BLA astrocytic Rac1 activity impaired memory retrieval of fear conditioning and memory retrieval-induced neuronal activation. Notably, the effect of astrocytic Rac1 on memory retrieval was reversible. Our results demonstrate that the normal activity of astrocytic Rac1 is necessary for the activation of neurons and memory formation. Both activation and inactivation of astrocytic Rac1 activity in the BLA reduced the excitability of neurons, and thereby impaired fear memory acquisition and retrieval.
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Purpose To investigate the expression of high mobility group protein Al (HMGA1) and C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in breast invasive ductal carcinoma and its clinical significance. Methods Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of HMGA1 and CXCR4 in 105 cases of breast invasive ductal carcinoma and 80 cases of breast adenosis. The correlation between HMGA1 and CXCR4 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed. Results The positive rate of HMGA1 and CXCR4 in breast invasive ductal carcinoma was significantly higher than that of breast adenosis(77.14％ vs 26.25％, 73.33％ vs 23.75％ ), the difference was statistically significant (P＜ 0.001). There was no significant correlation between HMGA1 and CXCR4 expression in breast cancer tissues (r = 0.104, P =0.289), suggesting that the expression of them were independent of each other. The combined detection of HMGA1 and CXCR4 could improve the sensitivity of diagnosis of (either positive) and specificity of(both positive). The positive rate of CXCR4 in PR positive breast cancer (87.5％ ) was higher than that in PR negative(60.0％ ), the difference was statistically significant (P =0.008) Conclusion HMGA1 is highly expressed in breast invasive ductal carcinoma, and CXCR4 expression is mainly low in breast invasive ductal carcinoma. HMGA1 and CXCR4 have higher sensitivity, and the combined detection of them can significantly improve the sensitivity and specificity of breast cancer diagnosis. The high expression of HMGA1 and CXCR4 in breast cancer has a certain clinical significance for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer, which is expected to provide a new theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical breast cancer.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aimed to analyze the condylar position changes produced by functional appliances in class Ⅱ malocclusion by systematic review.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Electronic search was conducted using Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Medline, Embase, Pubmed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies on condylar position changes produced by functional appliances in class Ⅱ malocclusion were included. Risk of bias assessment and data extraction of included studies were conducted by two reviewers independently. The meta-analysis was carried out using Revman 5.1.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Six studies were included (five high quality and one low quality). The condylar position showed no changes after Herbst treatment. The condylar posterior space after Twin-block treatment averagely increased by 0.31 mm (P<0.000 01), whereas the condylar anterior space averagely reduced by 0.32 mm (P<0.000 01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Twin-block appliance enables forward movement of the condylar position. This result contributes to the correction of class Ⅱ malocclusion.</p>
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Humans , Databases, Factual , Malocclusion, Angle Class IIABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the efficiency and safty of home-bleaching.Methods:Randomised controlled trials on home-bleaching were searched using CBM,CNKI,Medline,EMBASE and Cochrane Library up to April,201 3.The articles were selected by inclusion criterion,qualified by Cochrane system and analysed by Meta method.Results:1 2 studies with 61 1 cases were finally includ-ed and analysed.The results showed that 1 0% carbamide peroxide (CP)produced better bleaching efficiency than 1 5% CP(MD, 0.21 ;CI:[0.03,0.38];Z =1 .92;P =0.002).Hydrogen peroxide(HP)at 35% lead to higher tooth sensitivity in office-bleaching than CP at 1 0% in home-bleaching(MD,-1 .68;95%CI:[-2.75,-0.61 ];Z =3.09;P =0.002);home-bleaching were asso-ciated with less tooth sensitivity than office-bleaching(MD,-2.64;95%CI:[-3.96,-1 .32];Z =3.93;P <0.000 1 ),while there was no significance of tooth sensitivity between home-bleaching using CP and HP (OR,1 .94;95%CI:[0.84,4.44];Z =1 .56;P =0.1 2).Conclusion:1 0% CP home-bleaching may produce better bleaching efficiency;home-bleaching is associated with less tooth sensitivity than office-bleaching.